Which falcon species exhibits sexual dimorphism in both plumage coloration and pattern?

The American Kestrel is known for its pronounced sexual dimorphism, which refers to the differences in physical characteristics between male and female individuals of the same species. In the case of the American Kestrel, the male typically displays more vibrant colors, with a slate-blue head, wings, and tail, coupled with rufous (reddish-brown) on the back and underparts. In contrast, the female features more subdued, warm browns and buffs, along with distinct barring, which aids her natural camouflage while nesting.

This stark contrast in coloration and pattern not only serves to facilitate mating recognition but also influences their behavior and roles within their environments. The differences help to identify the sex of the birds easily, making it visually apparent to both other kestrels and human observers.

Other species listed do exhibit some level of sexual dimorphism; however, it is not as evident in plumage coloration and patterns as seen in the American Kestrel. For instance, the Peregrine Falcon and Gyrfalcon have variations in size and some differences in plumage, but these differences are much less pronounced, particularly in coloration, compared to the striking male-female contrast found in American Kestrels.